The role of socioeconomic status and school quality in the Philippines: Revisiting the Heyneman-Loxley effect

In 1983, Heyneman and Loxley proposed that in low-income countries, school-level factors could explain a larger proportion of the variation in student achievement compared to student-level characteristics, a phenomenon known as the “HL effect”. This effect highlighted the significant role of schools in developing nations. The study investigated the presence of this HL effect using a longitudinal sample of 1790 11.5-year-old students from 60 schools in the Philippines. The research focused on variables related to socioeconomic status and proxy measures of school quality.

International Journal of Educational Development, 3, 288-296